Cervicogenic Headache and Migraine

Headaches affect up to 50% of the population at some stage in their lives. At least 20% of all headaches and migraines can be attributed to the neck and some studies show this number may be significantly higher.

What is a cervicogenic headache?

A cervicogenic headache is essentially referred pain from the neck that, due to a miscommunication of the nerves that supply the head and neck, the pain is perceived in the head, rather than the true source in the neck. The pathophysiological basis for the referred pain isa “convergence” of nerves. To try to put it simply, the nerves that supply the head come into close proximity to the nerves that supply the neck. As the nerves from the neck make there way into the brain to communicate the message of neck dysfunction, they “converge” with the nerves that are carrying messages from the head and thus the end result is that the brain thinks the message is coming from the head, rather than the neck.

What can a physiotherapist do?

Our jobs, as physiotherapists, are to:

  1. correctly identify headaches that are caused by a neck (cervical) dysfunction;
  2. correctly identify what type of dysfunction it is and;
  3. treat the underlying cause of the dysfunction to promote good, long-term outcomes.

How can we correctly identify a cervicogenic headache?

It can take 60-90mins to thoroughly assess and diagnose a headache as the symptoms and physical findings are complex and differ from patient to patient. The first step is to look at the history and symptoms. These typically include:

  • Gradual onset of symptoms (won’t come on sharply or suddenly)

  • Episodes are similar to each other i.e. symptoms do not worsen episode to episode

  • Location

  • Will generally by one-sided and will not shift sides within the same episode

  • Can be one of, or a combination of, neck, occipital (at the back), parietal (at the side) or orbital (around and behind the eye)

  • Can last anywhere from 1 hour to 1 week

  • Feels non-throbbing

  • Aggravated by neck movements or sustained postures

  • Other symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances and sensitivity to light and sound

If your symptoms fit the above criteria then the next step is to conduct a thorough musculoskeletal exam. This includes, but is not limited to,

  • Posture assessment

  • Ergonomic assessment if work seems to be an aggravating factor

  • Neck range of motion and strength testing

  • Shoulder and scapular range of motion

  • Thoracic range of motion

  • Palpation assessment, particularly looking for stiffness, position, tenderness and/or referred pain from the top 3 cervical joints

  • Cervical flexion rotation test (CFRT)

  • This test has been found to have good reliability in diagnosing cervicogenic headache (Hall et al, 2008)

If your symptoms still fit the criteria for a cervicogenic headache, we can then move on to addressing the findings from the physical assessment.

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the findings from the subjective history as well as the physical exam and can include, but are not limited to,

  • Neck and thoracic spine mobilisations

  • Thoracic manipulations

  • Ergonomic adjustments to workstation

  • Strengthening exercises for the deep neck stabilisers, neck and thoracic extensors and upper trapezius/shoulder girdle muscles.

  • Sustained Natural Apophyseal glides (SNAGs) for the C0- or C1-2segments (see video)

  • 2 recent systematic reviews released in The European Spine Journal (Varatharajan et al, 2016) and the Journal of Manual Therapy (Gross et al 2016) both found that exercise combined with mobilisations is an effective treatment option for headache and can also decrease medication intake in the short and long term.

If the above signs and symptoms sound familiar, then please do yourself a favour and book an appointment with an experienced physiotherapist.

 

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